Artificial Intelligence Market | MJRC

MJRC · Technology research

Artificial Intelligence Market

Researching the companies behind AI tools, their financial ties and what their products mean for journalism and public knowledge.

The AI Market programme

Understanding the businesses behind the tools

The programme extends MJRC’s work on media ownership and funding into artificial intelligence. It connects research on companies and investment with studies of newsroom practice and the information AI systems produce, helping journalists, researchers and policymakers examine the interests shaping this market.

Companies and capital

Identify developers, trace ownership and investment, and examine the financial relationships behind AI products used in journalism.

AI in newsrooms

Study how news organisations adopt these products, what they use them for and how they manage transparency, editorial standards and oversight.

Public information

Assess chatbot answers on sensitive societal issues and examine how automated information systems affect pluralism and public knowledge.

Published research

Studies

Research on AI ownership, newsroom adoption, civic information and the changing conditions for media pluralism.

Media pluralism ·

Who Owns the Answer

Pluralism and Power in the Automated Information Order

A framework for examining how automated systems shape access to public knowledge. The study connects media ownership with training data, models, computing infrastructure, interfaces and alignment, and applies the approach to seven jurisdictions.

Marius Dragomir · Media and Journalism Research Center

Research details & citation for Who Owns the Answer

Research approach. The study combines analysis of policy and corporate documents, a synthesis of empirical research, and interviews with sixteen regulatory experts in Europe. It sets out what pluralism researchers can observe now and where additional disclosure is needed.

Practical uses. It outlines how the resulting evidence can support media regulation, journalism, civil society and education.

Cite this studyDragomir, M. (2026). Who Owns the Answer: Pluralism and Power in the Automated Information Order. Media and Journalism Research Center.

Chatbot evaluation ·

Evaluating Free AI Chatbots on Civic and Human-Rights Topics

A 15-Country Expert Study

Experts assess eight free chatbots across fifteen countries, examining neutrality, factuality, balance and tone on politically and socially sensitive topics. The study explores how the quality and depth of answers vary across issues, countries and languages.

Written by Marius Dragomir, with an international research team

Research details & citation for Evaluating Free AI Chatbots on Civic and Human-Rights Topics

Scope. ChatGPT, Gemini, Perplexity, Claude, Copilot, DeepSeek, Meta AI and Grok were tested during 2025. The results describe those versions and collection periods.

Countries. Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Egypt, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Peru, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Spain and the United Kingdom.

Research team. Charles Autheman, Jorge Bossio, Luis Miguel Carriedo, Swati Dey, Agustín Espada, Nurma Fitrianingrum, Rafael da Silva Paes Henriques, Hager Hesham, Silviya Irshad, Guillermo Mastrini, Akira Oikawa, Yotaro Okamoto, Edward Pittman, Ruth Reis, Norina Solomon, Martin Vaz-Álvarez and Andreina Zuñiga.

Verification and Integrity Note (PDF) (opens in a new tab)

Cite this studyDragomir, M., et al. (2026). Evaluating Free AI Chatbots on Civic and Human-Rights Topics: A 15-Country Expert Study. Media and Journalism Research Center. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18661316 (opens in a new tab)

Ownership and finance ·

Control Beyond Code

Ownership and Financial Insights of AI Used in Journalism

Research into 100 AI tools and the companies behind them, using seventeen variables covering ownership, finances and journalistic uses. The report identifies gaps in corporate transparency and examines a fact-checking tool’s use on content about the Israel–Hamas war.

Sydney Martin · Edited by Marius Dragomir · MJRC

Research details & citation for Control Beyond Code

Research approach. Data were collected between April and June 2024. The sample selected tools recommended by journalists or explicitly marketed for newsroom use, using a qualified convenience method.

Scope. The research traces the companies owning the tools and the availability of financial and corporate information. It is a dated research sample; the current company registry is available separately through the Global Media Finances Map.

Cite this studyMartin, S. (2024). Control Beyond Code: Ownership and Financial Insights of AI Used in Journalism. Media and Journalism Research Center.

Newsroom practice ·

How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing Media and Journalism in Central Europe

A study of AI use in newsrooms in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. It examines adoption, efficiency, data management and ethical concerns, highlighting cautious uptake and the importance of transparency and human oversight.

Thomson Foundation and Media and Journalism Research Center

Research details & citation for How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing Media and Journalism in Central Europe

Research approach. Desk research, audience analysis and interviews with journalists in a sample of newsrooms across the four countries.

Research coordinator: Davor Marko. Editor: Marius Dragomir. Research design and analysis: Bojan Klačar, Ivo Čolovic and Slađana Komatina.

Country teams. Michał Głowacki, Filip Świtkowski and Dagmara Sidyk-Furman (Poland); Peter Hanák (Slovakia); Robert Nemeth (Hungary); and Jonáš Syrovátka (Czech Republic).

Cite this studyDragomir, M., Marko, D., Klačar, B., Čolovic, I., & Komatina, S. (2024). How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing Media and Journalism in Central Europe. Thomson Foundation and Media and Journalism Research Center.

Ownership and financial research

Explore the company data

The current AI company map

Visit the Global Media Finances Map at globalmediaownership.com for the current AI registry, available company profiles and routes to more detailed research.

The registry covers companies serving journalism and the wider information economy. Coverage and available evidence vary by company; specific ownership, financial and comparative data can be requested through GMFM.

  • Ownership and governanceOwners, parent companies and corporate control.
  • Investment and financesFunding, investors and financial evidence.
  • Products and newsroom useTools, operating companies and journalism applications.
  • Commercial dependenciesLicensing, partnerships and infrastructure relationships.
Browse the original 2024 research table

The table accompanying Control Beyond Code records the sample used in the study, with data collected in April–June 2024. Its transparency categories reflect that study’s methodology and period.

Open the research table in a full window (opens in a new tab)

Methodology

How the research is built

Each study sets out its own sample, collection period and analytical method. Together, they connect corporate evidence with newsroom experience and analysis of AI outputs.

  • Establish the company and its products

    Company websites, product documentation, corporate registers and announcements help identify the business operating each tool. Academic literature, industry reports and reporting provide additional context.

  • Trace ownership and financial relationships

    Research examines owners, investments and available financial information, using corporate records and other primary evidence where accessible. Gaps in disclosure are recorded as part of the analysis.

  • Study journalistic and public consequences

    Newsroom research, expert assessments of chatbot responses and analysis of automated information systems examine adoption, information quality and the distribution of influence.

Research contributors

Researchers

Researchers contributing to the programme bring expertise in journalism, media policy, technology and public information. Open a name to read a short biography; study-specific credits appear with each publication.

Charles AuthemanLabour, human rights and media development

Charles is an international consultant specialising in labour, human rights, media development and migration. His experience includes development projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America, and teaching at HEC Paris and Sciences Po Paris.

Jorge BossioDigital education and the information society

Jorge’s research focuses on technology, development, digital education and the information society. An associate professor at Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, he has also managed a Latin American research network working on society’s digital transformation.

Swati DeyMedia governance, policy and democracy

Swati is a policy and political consultant, researcher and journalist with experience across India’s media, academia, government and civil society. She holds an MA in Media Governance from Jamia Millia Islamia. Her interests include welfare policy, climate change and the relationship between new media and democracy.

Marius DragomirMedia ownership, finance and policy

Marius is the founding director of MJRC. He led the Center for Media, Data and Society between 2016 and 2022 and previously spent more than a decade at the Open Society Foundations, managing the research and policy portfolio of its Program on Independent Journalism in London.

Nurma FitrianingrumPolicy, media and the internet

Nurma has experience in research, advocacy and project management, with a particular interest in how regulation shapes digital communication and public discourse. She holds a master’s degree in Public Policy, specialising in Media and Communications, from Central European University.

Michał GłowackiPublic service media and communication

Michał is an associate professor at the University of Warsaw and editor-in-chief of the Central European Journal of Communication. His research has received support from European and national research bodies. He served as programme adviser to the Council of Europe’s Advisory Group on Public Service Media Governance in 2010.

Peter HanákJournalism, media studies and media capture

Peter is a journalist, university teacher and researcher whose work includes collaboration with the International Press Institute. He holds a PhD in Media Studies from Charles University and an LL.M. in the Economic Analysis of Law. His journalism includes work at Aktuality.sk and two Slovak Journalism Awards.

Rafael da Silva Paes HenriquesJournalism theory, objectivity and technology

Rafael is a journalist and associate professor at the Federal University of Espírito Santo in Brazil. He holds a doctorate in Philosophy and has completed postdoctoral research in communication. His publications examine journalism theory, objectivity and technology.

Hager HeshamData journalism, AI and digital storytelling

Hager is a data and multimedia journalist whose reporting investigates discrimination in the Arab world. She studied broadcasting and television at Cairo University and Data Science and Artificial Intelligence at the American University of Beirut. Her work brings statistical analysis, programming and AI into journalistic research and storytelling.

Silviya IrshadDigital media policy and information integrity

Silviya researches digital media policy, information integrity and media justice. She holds a master’s degree in Media Governance from Jamia Millia Islamia and a bachelor’s degree in Mass Communication from St. Xavier’s University, Patna. Her interests also include translation and engagement with English and Urdu literature.

Sydney MartinAI companies, policy and freedom of expression

Sydney is the author of Control Beyond Code, the programme’s study of ownership and financial information behind AI tools used in journalism. Her interests include policy, law and freedom of expression. She holds a bachelor’s degree in Communications, Law, Economics and Government from American University.

Robert NemethJournalism and media development research

Robert has worked as a journalist, senior editor and news producer at Hungarian television stations and online outlets. His experience includes guest teaching at Eötvös Loránd University and participation in media research projects, including MJRC’s collaboration with Philea on the Journalism Funders Forum newsletter.

Akira OikawaGenerative AI, creative media and education

Akira studies the impact of generative AI on creative media production and education. His background combines communication studies and soundscape art, alongside experience as a teaching assistant for sound production at Concordia University.

Yotaro OkamotoJournalism sustainability and media policy

Yotaro is an adjunct lecturer at Japanese universities and a former staff writer at the Asahi Shimbun. His research examines the sustainability of journalism and democracy, including Nordic media policies. He holds a PhD in Media Studies from Komazawa University and an MBA in Media Management from Cardiff University.

Edward PittmanPress freedom, journalist safety and media support

Edward works in media development, press freedom and journalist safety. At the Open Society Foundations from 2015 to 2023, he led work on press freedom, journalist safety and emergency media support. He has advised and researched for organisations including the ACOS Alliance, Luminate, Maharat Foundation, Media Defence, UNESCO and WAN-IFRA.

Ruth ReisDigital communication, journalism and discourse

Ruth is a journalist and full professor at the Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Her teaching spans journalism and postgraduate communication studies. She holds a doctorate in Communication and Culture from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and has undertaken postdoctoral research in Sociology at ISCTE-IUL in Portugal.

Filip ŚwitkowskiPolitical systems, media and public policy

Filip is a researcher at the University of Warsaw with a PhD in Political Science and Administration and a master’s degree in Law. His work examines contemporary political and media systems and the role of new media in public policy, including research for the CHANSE project Public Service Media in the Age of Platforms.

Jonáš SyrovátkaPolitics, ideology and disinformation

Jonáš researches non-democratic ideologies, changes in contemporary politics and the spread of online disinformation. His experience includes work with civil society organisations in the Czech Republic. He received a PhD in Political Science from Masaryk University in Brno in 2024.

Martín Vaz-ÁlvarezAI, innovation and public service media

Martín researches technology and journalistic values, artificial intelligence, co-creation and innovation in public service media. His work is associated with Pompeu Fabra University, the Novos Medios and MEDIUM research groups, and the RTVE–USC chair. He holds a PhD in Contemporary Communication and Information from the University of Santiago de Compostela.